ADHD & Executive Functions

Executive Functions are complex cognitive processes that we need for social, goal directed and efficient behavior:
•    Inhibition
•    Emotional Regulation
•    Working Memory
•    Self Monitoring
•    Flexibility
•    Planning

It helps us:
•    Remembering the instructions (working memory)
•    Finishing task within given time (planning & self-monitoring)
•    Think of solution when confronted with a problem (flexibility)
•    Staying focused despite external distractions (inhibition) 
•    Check work on possible mistakes before handing it over (self- monitoring) 
•    Remember the steps when solving a math calculation (working memory) 
•    Being on time for the school bus (time management)

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​Some indication of struggles in executive function are:
•    Doesn’t pay attention when instructions are provided 
•    Can’t start with a task independently
•    Necessary material is not displayed 
•    Forgets the instructions
•    Starts immediately with a task without making a plan  and stops working when faced with challenges 
•    Makes many careless mistakes 

Deficits in response inhibition, planning and working memory are often seen in children with ADHD.  This is the core of the disorder according to some causal models.  Executive Function impairments have been linked to core symptoms of ADHD and associated problems such as academic performance.  Working memory problems are among the most frequent mentioned problems.  Working Memory is the ability to actively hold in mind and manipulate information, relevant for a goal, for brief periods of time.

The consequences of weak executive function are:
•    Child requires extra attention from teacher and parents
•    Possible academic failure
•    Negative interaction with the environment 
•    Self-esteem issues

However, improvement is possible using techniques like Cogmed Working Memory Training.